A historical myth in procedural medicine is the operator should limit removal of pleural fluid to 1.5 L during thoracentesis because of the risk of re-expansion pulmonary edema or pneumothorax.  New evidence supports safety of large volume thoracentesis until no…
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How to Differentiate Pleural Effusion Exudates from Transudates   Historically, Light’s criteria have been used to classify pleural effusions into transudates or exudates.  Light’s criteria were established by Dr. Richard Light in 1972.[1]  These criteria maximize sensitivity but have a…
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Based on several studies, central line malposition occurs between 3.3-6.7% of the time.1  The historical recommendation is that malpositioned central lines should not be used for long periods of time, if at all.  The basis for these recommendations is based…
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Where to place a central venous catheter is a decision driven mainly by individual preference. The limited evidence available has not established any site as superior; the subclavian position has been reported as being less infection-prone, but more likely to cause…
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A study from an urban EM residency program determined that in-plane ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization is superior to out-of-plane ultrasound-guided central line placement. This study was only a single center study that was a randomized crossover study of ER residents…
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The internal jugular or subclavian veins have fewer combined mechanical or infectious complications for central venous catheter insertions compared with femoral vein CVC placements.  Numerous organizations have proposed guidelines or central line bundles that have advocated preferential use of the…
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A study from an urban EM residency program determined that in-plane ultrasound-guided central venous catheterization is superior to out-of-plane ultrasound-guided central line placement. This study was only a single center study that was a randomized crossover study of ER residents…
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